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Compared with age-matched controls,mild cognitive impairment (MCI) populations are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).There is no consensus that any pharmacological treatment can improve MCI,thus it is plausible to turn attention to cognitive interventions.This paper reviewed the prior researches on cognitive stimulation,cognitive training,and cognitive rehabilitation for MCI based on the categories defined by Clare and Woods in order to clarify the effect of these interventions on improving cognitive function in MCI individuals.The results indicate that cognitive interventions may improve multiple cognitive domains including memory performance,executive functions,processing speed,attention,and social functions in adults with MCI,while the mechanism remains unclear.It suggested that further studies should examine the mechanism of cognitive intervention by applying neuroscience technology and strengthening the control of heterogeneity of the etiologies and symptoms of MCI,and improve the clinical effect by combining cognitive stimulation,cognitive training,and cognitive rehabilitation.
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Objective@#To investigate the difference in the microstructure of gray matter nucleus in different movement subtypes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) by diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) technique, and to analyze the correlation with clinical manifestations.@*Methods@#Ninety-seven patients with PD and 83 healthy controls performed conventional MRI sequence and DKI sequence scan. The PD patients were classified into gait disorder subtype (PIGD, n=57) and tremor dominant subtype (TD, n=40)subtypes according to motor symptoms. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Da), radial diffusivity(Dr), mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka) and radial kurtosis (Dr) maps and data were generated by software after processing. DKI was performed for all subjects and data was collected from different brain regions in both hemispheres, including red nucleus(RN), substantia nigra pars reticulate(SNr), substantia nigra pars compacta(SNc), putamen(PUT), globus pallidus(GP), head of caudate nucleus (CN)and thalamus(THA).@*Results@#TD showed a higher MMSE score(P=0.019), but lower modified Hoehn-Yahr score than that in PIGD (P<0.001), there was no significant difference of age of onset, sex, limbs of onset or disease duration between two PD subgroups. Compared with healthy controls, both TD and PIGD showed down-regulated MD, Da and Dr and up-regulated Ka values(P<0.001); MK(0.83±0.26, 0.80±0.18) was increased in SNr both in TD and PIGD, while SNc, PUT and GP (0.84±0.20, 0.75±0.07, 0.81±0.14)were decreased only in TD (P=0.017, P=0.010, P=0.020, P<0.001, P=0.002). The Kr values of PUT and CN(0.71±0.17, 0.72±0.14) were reduced in PIGD, while CN(0.70±0.14) were reduced in TD respectively (P=0.002, P=0.031, P=0.007). The MK was lower in TD than that in PIGD (t=-2.214, P=0.029), and no significant difference was found in other grey matter nuclei between TD and PIGD(P>0.05). Moreover, there was no significant correlation between DKI value and disease duration, MMSE score or Hoehn-Yahr scale (P>0.05) in TD and PIGD.@*Conclusion@#There is heterogeneity of clinical symptoms between these two subgroups of PD. DKI can quantify the microstructural changes of grey matter nucleus in different type PD patient.
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Objective To investigate the difference in the microstructure of gray matter nucleus in different movement subtypes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) by diffusion kurtosis imaging ( DKI) technique, and to analyze the correlation with clinical manifestations. Methods Ninety-seven patients with PD and 83 healthy controls performed conventional MRI sequence and DKI sequence scan. The PD patients were classi-fied into gait disorder subtype (PIGD,n=57) and tremor dominant subtype (TD,n=40)subtypes according to motor symptoms. Fractional anisotropy (FA),mean diffusivity (MD),axial diffusivity (Da),radial diffu-sivity(Dr),mean kurtosis (MK),axial kurtosis (Ka) and radial kurtosis (Dr) maps and data were genera-ted by software after processing. DKI was performed for all subjects and data was collected from different brain regions in both hemispheres,including red nucleus(RN),substantia nigra pars reticulate( SNr),sub-stantia nigra pars compacta(SNc),putamen(PUT),globus pallidus(GP),head of caudate nucleus (CN)and thalamus(THA). Results TD showed a higher MMSE score(P=0. 019),but lower modified Hoehn-Yahr score than that in PIGD (P<0. 001),there was no significant difference of age of onset,sex,limbs of onset or disease duration between two PD subgroups. Compared with healthy controls, both TD and PIGD showed down-regulated MD,Da and Dr and up-regulated Ka values(P<0. 001); MK(0. 83±0. 26,0. 80±0. 18) was increased in SNr both in TD and PIGD,while SNc,PUT and GP (0. 84± 0. 20,0. 75± 0. 07,0. 81± 0. 14) were decreased only in TD (P=0. 017,P=0. 010,P=0. 020,P<0. 001,P=0. 002). The Kr values of PUT and CN(0. 71±0. 17,0. 72±0. 14) were reduced in PIGD,while CN(0. 70±0. 14) were reduced in TD re-spectively (P=0. 002,P=0. 031,P=0. 007). The MK was lower in TD than that in PIGD (t=-2. 214,P=0. 029),and no significant difference was found in other grey matter nuclei between TD and PIGD ( P>0. 05). Moreover,there was no significant correlation between DKI value and disease duration,MMSE score or Hoehn-Yahr scale (P>0. 05) in TD and PIGD. Conclusion There is heterogeneity of clinical symptoms between these two subgroups of PD. DKI can quantify the microstructural changes of grey matter nucleus in different type PD patient.
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Objective:To investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with optimistic and pessimistic attributional style.Methods:A total of 83 college students (20 males and 23 females in optimistic group,20 males and 20 females in pessimisticgroup) were recruited online.The 2 cue validity (valid,invalid) × 2 emotional type (positive,negative) × 2 attributional style (optimistic group,pessimistic group) hybrid design was used to investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with optimistic and pessimistic attributional style,adopting the cue-target paradigm.Results:Under valid situation,optimistic group had responded to positive (cue) target faster than pessimistic group [(311.4 ± 26.6) ms vs.(324.1 ±± 47.0) ms,P ＜ 0.05],while there was no significant difference in reaction times (RTs) on negative (cue) target between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Under invalid situation,optimistic group had responded to negative target faster than pessimistic group [(331.0 ±± 31.7) ms vs.(337.4 ± 50.0) ms,P ＜ 0.05],whereas there was no difference in their RTs to responding to positive target(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:It suggests that optimistic individuals and pessimistic individuals respectively have selective attentional bias to positive information and negative information.
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Objective To compare the differences of event-related potentials (ERP) of left and right cerebral hemispheres and behavioral characteristics in the mental arithmetic practice between ADHD and normal children,and to explore the neural mechanisms of mental arithmetic by ADHD children.Methods ERP and behavioral data of 32 ADHD and 32 normal children in mental arithmetic,to illustrate,simple addition,subtraction and multiplication within 20 were recorded.Results ERP:① The differences of N2 amplitudes in ADHD children 's left and right cerebral hemispheres while doing mental arithmetic,such as,addition,subtraction and multiplication were not statistically significant (addition:(-6.2±7.3) μV,(-6.6± 8.1) pV ; subtraction:(-5.5±6.4) μV,(-5.8± 6.5) μV ; multiplication:(-5.9± 8.2) μV,(-6.0± 8.6) μV ; all P＞0.05).However,normal group's N2 amplitude of left hemisphere(F3) were obviously higher than those of the right hemisphere (F4),considered to be statistically significant difference (addition:(-6.8±4.0) μV,(-5.9±4.3) μV ; subtraction:(-7.5±4.8) μV,(-6.3±4.4) μV ;multiplication:(-6.9±3.7)μV,(-5.7±4.4)pV ; all P＜0.05).② ADHD group's N2 amplitude of subtraction practice was significantly lower than that of addition and multiplication,while normal control group was the opposite.③There were not statistically difference between N2 incubation of left and right hemisphere while addition,subtraction,and multiplication were done (P＞0.05).Behaviorism:① ADHD group's reaction time towards answer making were much longer than those of the normal control group (addition:(983± 183) ms,(833± 164) ms ; subtraction:(1005±160)ms,(859±170)ms;multiphcation:(975±180)ms,(836±175)ms; P＜0.05).② Accurate rate:ADHD group were all lower than those of normal group.Conclusion There were functional limitations of no obviously advantage hemisphere and two hemisphere coordination while ADHD children were performing mental arithmetic,also hmitations in conflicting information processing,decision making,and more obviously in subtraction practice.
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Objective To investigate the arousal effect in the emotional Stroop effect by systematically manipulating the valence and arousal of affective stimuli.Methods 27 college students were recruited to distinThe main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(5.130) = 5.90, P ＜ 0.01 ), RTs in positive (( 893±36 ) ms)main effect of Emotion on ACC was marginally significant (F(5.130) = 2.63, P = 0.05 ), ACC in high arousing negalence on RT was significant (F(1.26 = 7.03, P =0.013 ).Further analysis revealed that RTs in positive condition was significant (F(1.26) =5.63, P=0.025),ACC in high arousing condition (0.93 ±0.17) was lower than ACC in low arousing condition (0.95 ± 0.09 ).Conclusion The emotional Stroop effect mainly depends on the arousal information of affective stimuli.
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Objective To use event-related potentials to identify whether face recognition is implicit, and to investigate specificity, race and inversion effects in face recognition. Methods Upright and inverted photographs of Eastern and Western human faces, upright dog faces and a mobile phone were presented in random order for 150 ms to 20 healthy subjects. The subject's attention was diverted away to search for the letter ”f ” in 6 small letters below the photos. Behavioral data were recorded synchronous with event-related potentials (ERPs). Results The P100,N170 and P170 potentials were enhanced and accelerated by faces compared with non-face images. The amplitude of P100 had the strongest correlation with the type of stimulus, showing the biggest amplitude with the mobile phone image (9.5 μV ), followed by the dog face (7.5 μV ). The weakest amplitude was evoked by the human face (6.9 μV). The amplitude of N170 responded most strongly to the human face, followed by the mobile phone (0.5 μV) and the dog face ( -1.9 μV). The P170 amplitude was largest with the human face and the latency was shortest (7.8 μV and 162.2 ms), followed by the dog face (5.2 μV, 174.4 ms) and the mobile phone (5.1 μV,173.5 ms). ERP components were not affected by the orientations or races of the faces in this situation. No difference was found in the late positive component evoked by the human faces and other images. Conclusions Implicit face recognition may depend on the specifics of the stimulus, although no race effect or inversion effect was detected using this procedure.
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ObjectiveTo investigate and compare mechanisms underlying supraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects.Methods 52 college students were recruited to distinguish the color of each emotional picture,which was either supraliminal (30 students) or subliminally (22 students) presented to the students; and their reaction time(RTs) and accuracy(ACC) in each condition were assessed.Results ①In supraliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant(F(4.116) =3.63,P=0.008),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 781 ± 60 ) ms ) and negative ( ( 787 ± 63 ) ms ) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( ( 733 ± 62 ) ms)condition; ②In supraliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant(F(1,29) =5.14,P=0.031 ),such that RT in high arousing( (784 ± 59 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in low arousing( (761 ± 55 ) ms)conditions; ③In subliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(4,84) =2.50,P =0.049 ),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 661 ± 52 ) ms) and negative ( ( 667 ± 56) ms) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( (633 ± 49 ) ms) condition.④ In subliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant (F(1,21) =9.97,P=0.005),such that RT in low arousing( (664 ±51 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in high arousing( (638 ± 50)ms) conditions.ConclusionSupraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects may be involved in different mechanisms.
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Objective To investigate the way off-farm workers show bias on their own group ,rural residents and urban citizens .Method The participants were 78 off-farm workers from 18 to 25 years of age ;The scales and the modified affective priming paradigm were adopted to measure their explicit and implicit attitudes respectively on these groups through recording the participants' reaction on computer .Results (1)The order of three groups sorted by implicit scores in condition of group-relevant words as primes from high to low was urban citizens ,off-farm workers ,rural residents(0.169±0.217,-0.016±0.116,-1.209±1.686 respectively),but the order of explicit scores were reverse(0.7920±1.461,0.4469±1.514,07920±1.461 respectively),and both the difference between the implicit scores and the difference between explicit scores were very significant(between the implicit scores of group bias on off-farm workers and urban citizens:t=7.165,P＜0.01,and on rural residents:t=6.038,P＜0.01;between the explicit scores of group bias on off-farm workers and rural residents:t=9.666,P＜0.01,and on off-farm workers and urban citizens:t=7.828,P＜0.01).(2)The scale scores of group identify ,collective self-esteem and self-esteem were significantly related to the scale scores of group .bias on the off-farm workers and rural residents but not other scores(P＜0.01,P＜0.01,P＜0.05 respectively).Conclusion Although off-farm workers evaluated their own group and rural residents more positively than urban citizens in the obviously way ,they accepted the superiority of urban citizens .implicitly ,and the explicit group-bias was relative to self-esteem ,collective self-esteem and group identify.
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Objective To reveal the nature of the outcome evaluation reflected by event-related potentials in evaluation process.Methods 16 College students were required to make attribution about their performance during a task,event-related potentials were recorded by NeuroScan ERP and dipole source location analyzed by Curry4.6.Results ①The feedback-related potential (FRN) was elicited by the negative outcomes.②The amplitude of the FRN was larger on the condition of fail to attribute the responsibility (-6.24μV) than the contribution (-4.67μV),there was significantly statistical meaning(F(1,15)=26.42,P<0.001).③The overall FRN magnitudes were more negative-going at Fz(+7.55μV) than Fcz(-6.54μV),Cz(-5.20μV),CPz(-4.16μV) and Pz(-3.83 μV),there was significantly statistical meaning(F(2,8)=8.12,P<0.01).④Dipole source location analysis showed that the neural generator of FRN may be the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC)(Talairach coordinates:-16.3,-73.1,13.3;residual variance:1.98%).Conclusion The feedback-related potential (FRN) is sensitive to the negative outcome, and affected by the intensity levels of the expectation for the outcome.FRN may reflect a evaluation process that the actual outcome is unexpected and worse than the expectation.
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@#Objective To observe the effect of magnetic stimulation of sacral roots on detrusor overactivity and urge incontinence after spinal cord disease.Methods 15 cases with detrusor overactivity and urge incontinence after spinal cord disease were treated with magnetic stimulation of sacral roots for 10 d.Voiding diary,quality of life scale and urodynamic investigation were applied to evaluate the effect.Results The mean frequency of voiding in 24 h after treatment decreased,urine volume increased,frequency of incontinence decreased and the quality of life score improved.Urge incontinence improved in 85.7% cases.The results of urodynamic investigation showed bladder capacity at first desire to void and maximum cystometric capacity significantly increased after stimulation,while the detrusor pressure at storage decreased.Conclusion Magnetic stimulation of sacral roots can improve urinary frequency and urge incontinence of patients with detrusor overactivity after spinal cord disease by inhibiting detrusor overactivity,increasing cystometric capacity.Magnetic stimulation of sacral roots may be an alternative promising rehabilitation technique.
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Objective To explore the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and on the cognition function of vascular dementia (VD) rats. MethodsTotally 45 Sprague-Dawlev (SD) rats were randomly and equally divided into the sham control group, the VD group, and the treatment group. The VD rat model was established by performing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion repeatedly and given an intraperitoneal injection sodium nitroprusside. The rats from the treatment group received an introperitoneal injection of EPO after the establish of VD model, and the animals from the others were treated with normal saline. The learning-memory abilities were measured by using computerized shuttle-training case and the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining. ResultsThe active avoidance reaction (AAR) ratio in the VD group was significantly decreased compared with the sham control group (P
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Objective To investigate the effects of distractions on number processing using event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods ERPs were recorded in fourteen undergraduate students while they were asked to compare a heard number with the number "5" and judge whether its numerical value was larger or smaller than five. This task was carried out under a distracted attention (DA) condition and a focused attention (FA) condition. The reaction time and EEG signals were recorded during the experiment. Results There were significant differences between the reaction times in the different conditions (t26 = 3. 70,P